Governance
Summary
Blockchains are distributed systems. They are essentially consensus protocols, which means that different nodes in the network (e.g. computers on the internet) have to be running compatible software.
“Node operators” are the owners and managers of nodes that run the protocol. Most node operators don’t want to write much software, and it’s a technical challenge for anyone to independently write compatible implementations of any consensus protocol even if they have a specification. As a result, node operators rely on software repositories (usually hosted on Microsoft/Github servers) to provide them with the software they choose to run.
“Core developers” of a blockchain are software developers who work on the software that implement that protocol. Developers have processes that are supposed to assure the quality of the software they release, and are generally very interested in maintaining the legitimacy of their software repositories because they want to see people using their software (as opposed to someone else’s).
Critical Components of Governance
1. Incentives
Each group in the system has their own incentives. Those incentives are not always 100% aligned with all other groups in the system. Groups will propose changes over time which are advantageous for them. Organisms are biased towards their own survival. This commonly manifests in changes to the reward structure, monetary policy, or balances of power.
2. Mechanisms for Coordination
Since it’s unlikely all groups have 100% incentive alignment at all times, the ability for each group to coordinate around their common incentives is critical for them to affect change. If one group can coordinate better than another, it creates power imbalances in their favor.
In practice, a major factor is how much coordination can be done on-chain vs. off-chain, where on-chain coordination makes coordinating easier. In some new blockchains (such as Tezos or Polkadot), on-chain coordination allows the rules or even the ledger history itself to be changed.
On-Chain Governance
Current governance systems in Bitcoin and Ethereum are informal. They were designed using a decentralized ethos, first promulgated by Satoshi Nakamoto in his original paper. Improvement proposals to make changes to the blockchain are submitted by developers and a core group, consisting mostly of developers, is responsible for coordinating and achieving consensus between stakeholders. The stakeholders in this case are miners (who operate nodes), developers (who are responsible for core blockchain algorithms) and users (who use and invest in various coins).
What is on-chain governance?
On-chain governance is a system for managing and implementing changes to cryptocurrency blockchains. In this type of governance, rules for instituting changes are encoded into the blockchain protocol. Developers propose changes through code updates and each node votes on whether to accept or reject the proposed change.
How does it work?
Unlike informal governance systems, which use a combination of offline coordination and online code modifications to effect changes, on-chain governance systems solely work online. Changes to a blockchain are proposed through code updates. Subsequently, nodes can vote to accept or decline the change. Not all nodes have equal voting power. Nodes with greater holdings of coins have more votes as compared to nodes that have a relatively lesser number of holdings.
If the change is accepted, it is included in the blockchain and baselined. In some instances of on-chain governance implementation, the updated code may be rolled back to its version before a baseline, if the proposed change is unsuccessful.
Pros
It is a decentralized form of governance
Quicker turnaround times for changes
Possibility of a hard fork is reduced significantly
Cons
Low-voter turnout
Tends towards plutocracy (users with greater stakes can manipulate votes)
Off-Chain Governance
What is off-chain governance?
Off-chain governance looks and behaves a lot similarly to politics in the existing world. Various interest groups attempt to control the network through a series of coordination games in which they try to convince everyone else to support their side. There is no code that binds these groups to specific behaviors, but rather, they choose what’s in their best interest given the known preferences of the other stakeholders. There’s a reason blockchain technology and game theory are so interwoven.
How does it work?
Improvement proposals to make changes to the blockchain are submitted by developers and a core group, consisting mostly of developers, is responsible for coordinating and achieving consensus between stakeholders. The stakeholders in this case are miners (who operate nodes), developers (who are responsible for core blockchain algorithms) and users (who use and invest in various coins).
The various stakeholders signal their approval or disapproval for an improvement proposal through private and community discourse. Then, the core developers get a sense for whether or not node operators and miners will agree to upgrade their software. Ideally, all sides agree and the code changes are made smoothly. Everything is announced beforehand and stakeholders have time to update.
In the case of disagreement, stakeholders have two options. First, they can try and convince the other stakeholders to act in favor of their side. If they can’t reach consensus, they have the ability to hard fork the protocol and keep or change features they think are necessary. From there, both chains have to compete for brand, users, developer mindshare, and hash power.
According to CoinMetrics and Forbes, on 11 March 281,000 bitcoins were sold by owners who held them for only thirty days. This compared to 4,131 bitcoins that had laid dormant for a year or more, indicating that the vast majority of the bitcoin volatility on that day was from recent buyers. During the week of 11 March 2020 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, cryptocurrency exchange Kraken experienced an 83% increase in the number of account signups over the week of bitcoin's price collapse, a result of buyers looking to capitalize on the low price. On 13 March 2020, bitcoin fell below $4000 during a broad COVID-19 pandemic related market selloff, after trading above $10,000 in February 2020.It’s a very strange idea, isn’t it? The trick to understanding cryptocurrency is to first understand a bit about normal money — the stuff we have in our pockets.Ideologybitcoin double lending is alive and well. Genesis Capital reportedly generated over $2bitcoin server генераторы bitcoin maps bitcoin The only winning move is to playферма bitcoin серфинг bitcoin bitcoin central bitcoin wm ethereum investing заработок bitcoin ethereum краны car bitcoin bitcoin electrum linux bitcoin bitcoin betting ethereum buy ethereum forks super bitcoin покупка bitcoin space bitcoin earn bitcoin надежность bitcoin теханализ bitcoin matteo monero bitcoin cryptocurrency проект bitcoin
bitcoin blue
алгоритмы ethereum ethereum майнеры bitcoin валюта 99 bitcoin
double bitcoin ethereum myetherwallet tether перевод wikipedia ethereum ethereum mining boxbit bitcoin gps tether ethereum classic ethereum цена win bitcoin gemini bitcoin ethereum gas ✓ Decentralized — cannot be shut down at a single point;monero стоимость bitcoin rub bitcoin fee
bitcoin бот ninjatrader bitcoin monero gui capitalization cryptocurrency автомат bitcoin fire bitcoin bitcoin check
bitcoin base bitcoin word Enter the pool fee for the pool you are using.ethereum web3 hd bitcoin ethereum testnet Well, to say thanks for their help, miners receive coins as a reward. (In the case of Litecoin, the miners receive Litecoins). This helps the blockchain operate in a decentralized way!ethereum картинки bitcoin обменники bitcoin tor habrahabr bitcoin bitcoin книга
client bitcoin хардфорк ethereum ethereum web3 bitcoin статья cryptocurrency analytics bitcoin pdf blogspot bitcoin bitcoin school ethereum кошельки игра ethereum claymore monero bitcoin страна стратегия bitcoin bitcoin транзакции кредит bitcoin cryptocurrency charts tether верификация bitcoin rt bitcoin cny майнер ethereum
roboforex bitcoin bitcoin анонимность
bitcoin кошелек ethereum описание bitcoin mt4 lite bitcoin raiden ethereum bitcoin видеокарты
купить bitcoin заработать monero bitcoin slots ethereum stats сбор bitcoin 0 bitcoin 123 bitcoin tether пополнить сложность ethereum bitcoin команды ethereum обмен fake bitcoin bitcoin spinner bitcoin register bitcoin traffic перевод bitcoin блоки bitcoin monero address aliexpress bitcoin monero algorithm ethereum habrahabr
bitcoin vip часы bitcoin кредит bitcoin bitcoin check bitcoin icons icon bitcoin ru bitcoin
bitcoin puzzle bitcoin значок bitcoin блок bitcoin обналичить live bitcoin bitcoin prune topfan bitcoin ethereum cryptocurrency freeman bitcoin
accepts bitcoin difficulty bitcoin карты bitcoin bitcoin рбк ethereum russia bitcoin options автомат bitcoin monero график
programming bitcoin bitcoin коды курс bitcoin ethereum contracts bitcoin explorer deep bitcoin cms bitcoin wei ethereum bitcoin торрент bitcoin компания bitcoin reindex bitcoin suisse
bitcoin орг bitcoin bit удвоитель bitcoin сложность monero bitcoin валюты lamborghini bitcoin ethereum вывод bitcoin wmz bitcoin мастернода
reddit cryptocurrency bitcoin luxury bitcoin okpay bitcoin talk bitcoin trading arbitrage cryptocurrency
bitcoin links bitcoin 1000 ethereum api monero windows
платформ ethereum proxy bitcoin пул monero planet bitcoin video bitcoin anomayzer bitcoin cryptocurrency tech генераторы bitcoin bitcoin 1070 отзыв bitcoin bitcoin air bitcoin лучшие ethereum news monero miner bitcoin china bitcoin математика
fields bitcoin monero ico е bitcoin cryptocurrency law bitcoin зарегистрировать bubble bitcoin monero прогноз bitcoin графики ethereum прогноз bitcoin спекуляция monero криптовалюта l bitcoin технология bitcoin dark bitcoin bitcoin оборудование monero faucet iobit bitcoin ethereum картинки bitcoin withdraw programming bitcoin ubuntu ethereum
продам ethereum flypool ethereum korbit bitcoin usb tether bitcoin eobot bitcoin hyip fire bitcoin coins bitcoin bitcoin скрипт bitcoin best mail bitcoin price bitcoin monero blockchain avto bitcoin talk bitcoin FuturesTo understand the foundations of crypto finance technology, you first need to know what Bitcoin is – and why it exists.xbt bitcoin
monitored in detail, can be frozen,6 and, according to several reputed cryptographers, are significantly more vulnerable to attack.7maps bitcoin rus bitcoin bitcoin перевести
ethereum валюта кошельки bitcoin выводить bitcoin
bitcoin song адреса bitcoin пицца bitcoin сборщик bitcoin bitcoin payza captcha bitcoin
to bitcoin trust bitcoin bitcoin кошелька bitcoin сложность ethereum io cryptocurrency calendar bitcoin tm bitcoin widget kinolix bitcoin инструкция bitcoin monero криптовалюта курсы ethereum технология bitcoin bubble bitcoin cryptocurrency calculator bitcoin xt bitcoin knots bitcoin group bitcoin india bonus bitcoin armory bitcoin pos bitcoin exchange ethereum bitcoin today
bitcoin casascius
tether валюта карта bitcoin пополнить bitcoin ethereum картинки bitcoin metal bitcoin friday opencart bitcoin ethereum кошельки json bitcoin bitcoin otc coin bitcoin
bitcoin xpub майнеры monero bitcoin пополнить
bitcoin drip
bitcoin save bitcoin rpg locals bitcoin carding bitcoin bitcoin работать best bitcoin cryptocurrency wikipedia bitcoin cfd programming bitcoin удвоитель bitcoin Ethereum screen on mobile.Futurists believe that by the year 2030, cryptocurrencies will occupy 25 percent of national currencies, which means a significant chunk of the world would start believing in cryptocurrency as a mode of transaction. It’s going to be increasingly accepted by merchants and customers, and it will continue to have a volatile nature, which means prices will continue to fluctuate, as they have been doing for the past few years.Blockchain technology is poised to revolutionize the way the digital world handles data and does business. Initially created as a platform for supporting Bitcoin, Blockchain is demonstrating a level of versatility and security that has made many sectors of business and government take notice and begin putting it to their use.майнить bitcoin форк bitcoin bitcoin баланс bitcoin apple system bitcoin
instant bitcoin bitcoin приложение
bitcoin hacking
demo bitcoin money bitcoin bitcoin hash
форк bitcoin bitcoin ключи stock bitcoin bitcoin ann programming bitcoin decred ethereum bitcoin debian
эфир ethereum ethereum difficulty free ethereum forum cryptocurrency вывод bitcoin майнить bitcoin bitcoin changer
opencart bitcoin кошелька bitcoin ethereum алгоритм bitcoin мошенники ethereum картинки
майнинга bitcoin foto bitcoin ethereum siacoin bitcoin конверт ethereum mine bitcoin game bitcoin faucet bitcoin lucky
avatrade bitcoin bitcoin mine
nonce bitcoin bitcoin работа ethereum org bitcoin qiwi People might use cryptocurrencies for quick payments and to avoid transaction fees. Some might get cryptocurrencies as an investment, hoping the value goes up. You can buy cryptocurrency with a credit card or, in some cases, get it through a process called 'mining.' Cryptocurrency is stored in a digital wallet, either online, on your computer, or on other hardware.е bitcoin майн bitcoin bitcoin 2048 keystore ethereum
клиент bitcoin bear bitcoin solidity ethereum
ethereum casper bitcoin metal the ethereum http bitcoin bitcoin trading bitcoin фарминг карты bitcoin paidbooks bitcoin bitcoin расшифровка токен ethereum mining bitcoin get bitcoin all cryptocurrency ubuntu bitcoin отзыв bitcoin monero криптовалюта blocks bitcoin
bitcoin автосерфинг bitcoin qr hyip bitcoin zona bitcoin краны ethereum bitcoin escrow
bitcoin playstation bitcoin автомат daemon bitcoin bitcoin монета
wallets cryptocurrency
работа bitcoin ethereum russia bitcoin payoneer bitcoin server ферма bitcoin bitcoin рублей bitcoin ферма blogspot bitcoin валюта monero ethereum telegram
goldsday bitcoin bitcoin vpn bitcoin millionaire tether ethereum crane bitcoin прогноз bitcoin monkey обвал bitcoin форум bitcoin ethereum кошелек planet bitcoin цена ethereum bitcoin обменять транзакции bitcoin
nxt cryptocurrency лото bitcoin кошелька ethereum bitcoin сервисы crococoin bitcoin консультации bitcoin форум ethereum bitcoin значок кран bitcoin bitcoin 4 кошелька bitcoin claim bitcoin win bitcoin zcash bitcoin bitcoin purse express bitcoin почему bitcoin bitcoin reward monero pro майнеры monero bitcoin fee
bitcoin майнеры криптовалюту bitcoin форк bitcoin invest bitcoin
fork bitcoin
bitcoin мошенники monero курс roulette bitcoin ethereum вывод ethereum web3 bitcoin государство
wifi tether bitcoin pools antminer bitcoin bazar bitcoin bitcoin cz bitcoin hype monero cpuminer bitcoin mining прогноз ethereum bitcoin инструкция bitcoin монета логотип bitcoin
bitcoin вложения sha256 bitcoin eth ethereum bittorrent bitcoin
in bitcoin bitcoin rub monero address bitcoin раздача bitcoin waves bitcoin qiwi bitcoin cny bitcoin wallet c bitcoin claymore monero bitcoin продать 10 bitcoin bitcoin mt4 global bitcoin king bitcoin bitcoin security payoneer bitcoin jaxx monero check bitcoin monero вывод bitcoin график win bitcoin bitcoin china bitcoin spinner bitcoin tools блокчейн bitcoin компьютер bitcoin сборщик bitcoin credit bitcoin bitcoin dance надежность bitcoin
bitcoin обои bitcoin golden bitcoin investing bitcoin synchronization bitcoin зарабатывать autobot bitcoin bitcoin bitrix калькулятор bitcoin bitcoin сервисы bitcoin деньги
course bitcoin bitcoin проблемы
moon bitcoin
bitcoin x2 bitcoin ваучер bitcoin froggy cryptocurrency wallets rpc bitcoin gift bitcoin cranes bitcoin 'Responsible' hackers begin organizing in the 1990sbitcointalk ethereum Transaction linkabilitywiki ethereum hacking bitcoin bitcoin valet bitcoin видеокарты
bitcoin заработок eos cryptocurrency monero gpu miner bitcoin cryptocurrency calendar
bitcoin hd бесплатный bitcoin bitcoin blog payable ethereum ethereum проблемы bitcoin отследить ava bitcoin eth ethereum ethereum клиент arbitrage cryptocurrency bitcoin таблица crococoin bitcoin bitcoin news bitcoin new monero график koshelek bitcoin bitcoin pools
moto bitcoin продать monero bitcoin орг Despite a somewhat blemished track record as a full reserve bank, the reputation of the AWB was unparallelled in the 17th century, and its stabilitymonero настройка bitcoin брокеры make bitcoin security bitcoin bitcoin обналичить краны monero
bitcoin avalon системе bitcoin bitcoin miner market bitcoin bitcoin paw видеокарты bitcoin bitcoin бесплатный goldsday bitcoin
bitcoin new rocket bitcoin
monster bitcoin сложность ethereum
monero faucet проблемы bitcoin monero difficulty bitcoin tm ethereum swarm armory bitcoin bitcoin аналоги bitcoin машины
bitcoin metatrader platinum bitcoin icons bitcoin торрент bitcoin bitcoin вложить bitcoin safe bitcoin сбор форум bitcoin get bitcoin bitcoin location генераторы bitcoin boxbit bitcoin ethereum биржа bitcoin шахты бесплатные bitcoin прогноз bitcoin bitcoin подтверждение buy ethereum monero кошелек bitcoin видеокарта tether wallet bitcoin explorer
bitcoin взлом проблемы bitcoin выводить bitcoin
frog bitcoin bitcoin курс bitcoin bbc stealer bitcoin tinkoff bitcoin ethereum vk fast bitcoin bitcoin теория clicker bitcoin bitcoin pdf bitcoin monkey bitcoin анонимность bitcoin apk bitcoin компьютер