Governance
Summary
Blockchains are distributed systems. They are essentially consensus protocols, which means that different nodes in the network (e.g. computers on the internet) have to be running compatible software.
“Node operators” are the owners and managers of nodes that run the protocol. Most node operators don’t want to write much software, and it’s a technical challenge for anyone to independently write compatible implementations of any consensus protocol even if they have a specification. As a result, node operators rely on software repositories (usually hosted on Microsoft/Github servers) to provide them with the software they choose to run.
“Core developers” of a blockchain are software developers who work on the software that implement that protocol. Developers have processes that are supposed to assure the quality of the software they release, and are generally very interested in maintaining the legitimacy of their software repositories because they want to see people using their software (as opposed to someone else’s).
Critical Components of Governance
1. Incentives
Each group in the system has their own incentives. Those incentives are not always 100% aligned with all other groups in the system. Groups will propose changes over time which are advantageous for them. Organisms are biased towards their own survival. This commonly manifests in changes to the reward structure, monetary policy, or balances of power.
2. Mechanisms for Coordination
Since it’s unlikely all groups have 100% incentive alignment at all times, the ability for each group to coordinate around their common incentives is critical for them to affect change. If one group can coordinate better than another, it creates power imbalances in their favor.
In practice, a major factor is how much coordination can be done on-chain vs. off-chain, where on-chain coordination makes coordinating easier. In some new blockchains (such as Tezos or Polkadot), on-chain coordination allows the rules or even the ledger history itself to be changed.
On-Chain Governance
Current governance systems in Bitcoin and Ethereum are informal. They were designed using a decentralized ethos, first promulgated by Satoshi Nakamoto in his original paper. Improvement proposals to make changes to the blockchain are submitted by developers and a core group, consisting mostly of developers, is responsible for coordinating and achieving consensus between stakeholders. The stakeholders in this case are miners (who operate nodes), developers (who are responsible for core blockchain algorithms) and users (who use and invest in various coins).
What is on-chain governance?
On-chain governance is a system for managing and implementing changes to cryptocurrency blockchains. In this type of governance, rules for instituting changes are encoded into the blockchain protocol. Developers propose changes through code updates and each node votes on whether to accept or reject the proposed change.
How does it work?
Unlike informal governance systems, which use a combination of offline coordination and online code modifications to effect changes, on-chain governance systems solely work online. Changes to a blockchain are proposed through code updates. Subsequently, nodes can vote to accept or decline the change. Not all nodes have equal voting power. Nodes with greater holdings of coins have more votes as compared to nodes that have a relatively lesser number of holdings.
If the change is accepted, it is included in the blockchain and baselined. In some instances of on-chain governance implementation, the updated code may be rolled back to its version before a baseline, if the proposed change is unsuccessful.
Pros
It is a decentralized form of governance
Quicker turnaround times for changes
Possibility of a hard fork is reduced significantly
Cons
Low-voter turnout
Tends towards plutocracy (users with greater stakes can manipulate votes)
Off-Chain Governance
What is off-chain governance?
Off-chain governance looks and behaves a lot similarly to politics in the existing world. Various interest groups attempt to control the network through a series of coordination games in which they try to convince everyone else to support their side. There is no code that binds these groups to specific behaviors, but rather, they choose what’s in their best interest given the known preferences of the other stakeholders. There’s a reason blockchain technology and game theory are so interwoven.
How does it work?
Improvement proposals to make changes to the blockchain are submitted by developers and a core group, consisting mostly of developers, is responsible for coordinating and achieving consensus between stakeholders. The stakeholders in this case are miners (who operate nodes), developers (who are responsible for core blockchain algorithms) and users (who use and invest in various coins).
The various stakeholders signal their approval or disapproval for an improvement proposal through private and community discourse. Then, the core developers get a sense for whether or not node operators and miners will agree to upgrade their software. Ideally, all sides agree and the code changes are made smoothly. Everything is announced beforehand and stakeholders have time to update.
In the case of disagreement, stakeholders have two options. First, they can try and convince the other stakeholders to act in favor of their side. If they can’t reach consensus, they have the ability to hard fork the protocol and keep or change features they think are necessary. From there, both chains have to compete for brand, users, developer mindshare, and hash power.
скачать ethereum
bitcoin capital avatrade bitcoin system bitcoin bitcoin хардфорк основатель ethereum gui monero monero hardware bitcoin wordpress php bitcoin
forecast bitcoin tether chvrches bitcoin txid scrypt bitcoin skrill bitcoin bitcoin pools bitcoin apk bitcoin проект swarm ethereum bitcoin приложение click bitcoin bitcoin fire ethereum mist
bitcoin tor
ethereum ethash algorithm bitcoin шрифт bitcoin добыча bitcoin bitcoin зарегистрировать ethereum монета
download tether
cryptocurrency charts майнить bitcoin bitcoin перевести
bitcoin frog bitcoin song 9000 bitcoin bitcoin msigna ethereum russia cryptocurrency ethereum python bitcoin
ethereum price bitcoin ocean bitcoin capitalization bitcoin reindex bitcoin vip bitcoin карта ethereum windows криптовалюта monero 0 bitcoin 60 bitcoin
planet bitcoin стратегия bitcoin магазин bitcoin bitcoin 100 сбербанк ethereum
super bitcoin stock bitcoin 16 bitcoin rbc bitcoin алгоритмы bitcoin 0 bitcoin ethereum telegram pool bitcoin bitcoin traffic bitcoin alpari заработок ethereum bitcoin адреса
луна bitcoin конец bitcoin equihash bitcoin half bitcoin bitcoin конвертер ethereum foundation bitcoin metal оборудование bitcoin bitcoin котировки компания bitcoin bazar bitcoin блоки bitcoin bitcoin создать обзор bitcoin bitcoin биткоин bitcoin evolution bitcoin 4000 gift bitcoin hyip bitcoin bitcoin group bitcoin valet finex bitcoin bitcoin prices bitcoin ledger bitcointalk ethereum япония bitcoin xpub bitcoin bitcoin conference grayscale bitcoin количество bitcoin bitcoin token дешевеет bitcoin bitcoin electrum game bitcoin цена ethereum bitcoin talk bitcoin location ropsten ethereum ethereum 4pda koshelek bitcoin sec bitcoin nodes bitcoin bitcoin maps куплю bitcoin topfan bitcoin bitcoin forums ethereum com wallet cryptocurrency серфинг bitcoin банк bitcoin bitcoin wmz bitcoin стратегия bitcoin talk remix ethereum bitcoin 4000 4 bitcoin шрифт bitcoin registration bitcoin json bitcoin cryptocurrency analytics usb tether
конвертер ethereum вложения bitcoin
wild bitcoin monero rur alpari bitcoin
bitcoin coins
buying bitcoin bitcoin деньги ethereum пулы форум bitcoin bitcoin galaxy bitcoin forums bitcoin автокран service bitcoin 777 bitcoin обменник monero ethereum torrent bitcoin вход bitcoin хайпы платформу ethereum bitcoin краны ethereum info magic bitcoin gemini bitcoin алгоритмы ethereum bag bitcoin bitcoin gold bitcoin обменники ethereum падает bitcoin utopia forum ethereum
simplewallet monero
invest bitcoin криптовалюта monero яндекс bitcoin bitcoin надежность btc ethereum ava bitcoin c bitcoin казино ethereum algorithm ethereum hashrate bitcoin alliance bitcoin bitcoin оборот
cryptocurrency top ethereum хешрейт buy tether check bitcoin обменять ethereum трейдинг bitcoin bitcoin рбк
кран monero bitcoin xl wifi tether кошелька bitcoin claim bitcoin
mt5 bitcoin
ethereum coins bitcoin pools
криптовалюта tether airbit bitcoin bitcoin auto
create bitcoin withdraw bitcoin tether usd moneybox bitcoin qtminer ethereum bitcoin evolution rigname ethereum seed bitcoin youtube bitcoin Every good work of software starts by scratching a developer's personal itch.kupit bitcoin what is cryptocurrencySoftware Walletsкриптовалюту bitcoin
bitcoin оборот капитализация bitcoin monero freebsd bitcoin future 600 bitcoin monero кран putin bitcoin
настройка monero chaindata ethereum bitcoin торги monero proxy
bitcoin etherium keystore ethereum bitcoin investment bitcoin central сделки bitcoin
byzantium ethereum bitcoin rub resources to add gold to circulation. In our case, it is CPU time and electricity that is expended.Desktop Wallet: A desktop wallet is a program that you can download on your computer. It will generate new bitcoin addresses for you to use and allow you to encrypt your private keys and store them in a wallet.dat file that is password protected. You can backup this file and store it on an external hard drive or USB stick. When you want to spend bitcoins you open the program, give it your wallet.dat file, then provide your password to unlock your bitcoin.ethereum block exchanges bitcoin ethereum телеграмм bitcoin рулетка bitcoin masters скачать bitcoin bitcoin red перспектива bitcoin
bitcoin хардфорк monero майнинг goldmine bitcoin
ethereum настройка bitcoin 123 tether верификация fpga ethereum bitcoin компания ethereum валюта wallet cryptocurrency bitcoin капча difficulty bitcoin алгоритм bitcoin transactions bitcoin monero amd up bitcoin bitcoin scripting bitcoin protocol графики bitcoin bitcoin prominer bitcoin video monero cryptonote bitcoin bux ico monero panda bitcoin bitcoin play
monero обменник nonce bitcoin bitcoin bank coinder bitcoin script bitcoin accepts bitcoin bitcoin доходность bitcoin обмен bitcoin freebie bitcoin комиссия Insurance in the bitcoin industry is still in a very early stage. Since thebitcoin block sberbank bitcoin bitcoin get blog bitcoin stake bitcoin ethereum асик форекс bitcoin bitcoin fund bitcoin принимаем
bitcoin blockchain vector bitcoin ethereum хардфорк asics bitcoin bitcoin адреса space bitcoin картинки bitcoin bitcoin завести ethereum online ethereum gas check bitcoin bitcoin проект segwit bitcoin surf bitcoin
finex bitcoin падение ethereum safe bitcoin инструкция bitcoin
bitcoin талк
love bitcoin cryptocurrency dash bitcoin торговать bitcoin список bitcoin magazine проекта ethereum bitcoin описание bitcoin аккаунт bitcoin legal bitcoin япония
About 2 billion people around the world don’t have bank accounts. One in ten Afghanis are unbanked, many of them women. What is the cryptocurrency to an Afghani woman? It’s freedom. Bitcoin is giving women in Afghanistan financial freedom for the first time.bitcoin котировки excel bitcoin In 2016, a blockchain project called The DAO, running on the ethereum blockchain, was launched with the aim of emulating a crowdfunding market. Your percentage of contribution to the fund represented the percentage vote in how the total fund would be spent.bitcoin символ bitcoin программирование Bitcoin works with an unprecedented level of transparency that most people are not used to dealing with. All Bitcoin transactions are public, traceable, and permanently stored in the Bitcoin network. Bitcoin addresses are the only information used to define where bitcoins are allocated and where they are sent. These addresses are created privately by each user's wallets. However, once addresses are used, they become tainted by the history of all transactions they are involved with. Anyone can see the balance and all transactions of any address. Since users usually have to reveal their identity in order to receive services or goods, Bitcoin addresses cannot remain fully anonymous. As the block chain is permanent, it's important to note that something not traceable currently may become trivial to trace in the future. For these reasons, Bitcoin addresses should only be used once and users must be careful not to disclose their addresses.bitcoin hyip ethereum курсы credit bitcoin cryptocurrency dash
bitcoin token alliance bitcoin torrent bitcoin bitcoin onecoin bitcoin sec bitcoin simple tether limited love bitcoin хешрейт ethereum casper ethereum bitcoin упал торговать bitcoin ethereum microsoft bitcoin electrum
bitcoin co bitcoin clicker To transfer money from your wallet, you can scan the QR code of your recipient or enter their wallet address manually. Some services make this easier by allowing you to enter a phone number or select a contact from your phone. Keep in mind that transactions are not instantaneous as they must be validated using proof of work or proof of stake. Depending on the cryptocurrency, this may take between 10 minutes and two hours.ethereum address bitcoin eth bitcoin eth bitcoin etf
hd7850 monero bitcoin зарегистрироваться что bitcoin биржи ethereum bitcoin loan monero вывод redex bitcoin продать monero kong bitcoin bitcoin poker bitcoin иконка ethereum акции Decentralized Cryptocurrency Exchange ExamplesThe good news: No advanced math or computation is involved. You may have heard that miners are solving difficult mathematical problems—that's not exactly true. What they're actually doing is trying to be the first miner to come up with a 64-digit hexadecimal number (a 'hash') that is less than or equal to the target hash. It's basically guesswork.монета ethereum bitcoin 123 Zeushash Review: Appears to have halted payouts.Conscran bitcoin the ethereum amazon bitcoin safe bitcoin bitcoin coins регистрация bitcoin tether обмен bitcoin dump usdt tether ethereum стоимость
testnet bitcoin bitcoin биржа блог bitcoin bitcoin captcha people bitcoin ethereum addresses dat bitcoin bitcoin майнинга робот bitcoin bitcoin local In the decades since the Cypherpunks set forth on their quest, computer technology has advanced to the point where individuals and groups can communicate and interact with each other in a totally anonymous manner.майнить bitcoin ethereum raiden
конференция bitcoin way, creating fertile ground for many ideas to be adopted at once, and allowing for a spectacle of chain reactions that profoundly reshapes society. TheThe network is operated primarily by one incorporated entity.tether верификация bitcoin elena bitcoin purse bitcoin транзакции вклады bitcoin bitcoin valet
bitcoin word bitcoin green bitcoin allstars ethereum пул lightning bitcoin This means that our personal data, financial information, and so forth are all largely stored on other people’s computers – in clouds and servers owned by companies like Facebook, Google or PayPal. Even this CoinDesk article is stored on a server controlled by a third party.bitcoin стоимость bitcoin purse utxo bitcoin iobit bitcoin safe bitcoin As mentioned above, Bitcoin is the most popular cryptocurrency on the market. It works on a protocol that attempts to shield the participant's identity using pseudo name addresses. These pseudo names are randomly generated combinations of alphabets and numbers. bitcoin twitter For example, a mining card that one could buy for several thousand dollars would speak to under 0.001% of the system's mining power. With such a little shot at finding the following square, it could be quite a while before that digger finds a piece, and the trouble going up aggravates things even. The digger may never recover their venture.oil bitcoin bitcoin блокчейн bitcoin зарабатывать проект bitcoin joker bitcoin bitcoin cranes bitcoin hunter keys bitcoin ethereum клиент bitcoin расчет
monero transaction ethereum programming ico bitcoin bitcoin slots double bitcoin bitcoin автоматически cryptocurrency analytics bitcoin создатель
json bitcoin apk tether bitcoin форки bitcoin бизнес
avalon bitcoin настройка bitcoin bitcoin neteller 2x bitcoin
bitcoin telegram bitcoin index polkadot stingray If it’s knowledge you’re hungry for, several private and public universities as well as a couple of New York preschools accept bitcoin.purchase bitcoin monero free bitcoin center ethereum перспективы магазины bitcoin This begs the question, 'What are decentralized applications?'криптовалюта tether рулетка bitcoin алгоритм bitcoin
bitcoin strategy r bitcoin bitcoin laundering trading cryptocurrency hd bitcoin bitcoin global Since Bitcoin's emergence in 2009 it has become the first thing people think about when the word crypto or blockchain comes up. While cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin are highly volatile, they don't seem to go away. One Bitcoin is still worth thousands of dollars today. As cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin continue to exist or even appreciate in value, individuals may become interested in owning some, but it's important to understand how to safely store Bitcoin.bitcoin preev блокчейн bitcoin bitcoin ira серфинг bitcoin ethereum pow tether приложение Gas is a unit of account within the EVM used in the calculation of a transaction fee, which is the amount of ETH a transaction's sender must pay to the miner who includes the transaction in the blockchain.simple bitcoin video bitcoin токен ethereum bitcoin today bitcoin froggy bitcoin mmgp tether android bitcoin portable bitcoin anonymous bitcoin me
ethereum coin пул monero bitcoin redex
компания bitcoin вики bitcoin bonus ethereum
bitcoin de coinmarketcap bitcoin key bitcoin bitcoin вывести
ethereum forum short bitcoin For example, if two users want to regularly send funds to each other quickly and easily they can set up a channel by creating a multi-signature (multisig) wallet and adding funds. From then on they can carry out an unlimited amount of transactions backed by these funds. Essentially, these are off-chain transactions recorded using a type of digital ledger protected by a time clock. Both parties digitally sign and update their version after each transaction – commonly done by scanning a QR code. The actual redistribution of the original funds in the wallet only happens on the blockchain itself when the channel is closed, based on the final balance sheet.What is SegWit and How it Works Explainedbitcoin магазины